Chemical Sections (A - M)Click a section for a listing of its class codes.
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Section A: Polymers and Plastics |
A1 | ADDITION AND NATURAL POLYMERS |
A11 | Polysaccharides; natural rubber; other natural polymers (only a restrictedrange of (modified) natural polymers are included. Thus starch would beexcluded, but chemically modified starch included). |
A12 | Of di-and higher olefins; acetylenics; nitroso compounds. |
A13 | Of aromatic mono-olefins; including polystyrene. |
A14 | Of other substituted mono-olefins; including PVC, PTFE. |
A17 | Of unsubstituted aliphatic mono-olefins; including polyethylene. |
A18 | Addition polymers in general. |
A2 | CONDENSATION POLYMERS |
A21 | Epoxides; aminoplasts; phenoplasts. |
A23 | Polyamides; polyesters. (including polycarbonates, polyesteramides); alkyds;other unsaturated polymers. |
A25 | Polyurethanes; polyethers. |
A26 | Other condensation polymers including silicone polymers and polymides(mineral silicates and similar materials would not usually appear in Section A). |
A28 | Condensation polymers in general. |
A3 | PROCESSING: GENERAL ADDITIVES AND APPLICATIONS |
A31 | Preliminary processes. |
A32 | Polymer fabrication - such as moulding, extrusion, forming, laminating,spinning. |
A35 | Other processing and general - including vulcanisation, welding of plasticsand adhesive processes. Testing. |
A41 | MONOMERS AND CONDENSANTS These are also included in Section E. |
A60 | ADDITIVES AND COMPOUNDING AGENTS If the usage is very restricted it may be classified under the individualpolymer or process involved. |
A8/9 | APPLICATIONS |
A81 | Adhesives and binders - including chipboard. |
A82 | Coatings, impregnations, polishes - excluding textile finishing. |
A83 | Clothing, footwear. |
A84 | Household and office fittings - including carpets and carbon paper. |
A85 | Electrical applications. |
A86 | Fancy goods, games, sports, toys. |
A87 | Textile auxiliaries. |
A88 | Mechanical engineering and tools eg valves, gears and conveyor belts. |
A89 | Photographic, laboratory equipment, optical - including electrophotographic,thermographic uses. |
A91 | Ion-exchange resins, polyelectrolytes. |
A92 | Packaging and containers - including ropes and nets. |
A93 | Roads, building, construction flooring. |
A94 | Semi-finished materials - fibres, films, foams. |
A95 | Transport - including vehicle parts, tyres and armaments. |
A96 | Medical, dental, veterinary, cosmetic. |
A97 | Miscellaneous goods not specified elsewhere - including papermaking,gramophone records, detergents, food and oil well applications. |
Section B: Pharmaceuticals |
B01 | Steroids - including systems containing carbocyclic and/or heterocyclic ringsfused onto the basic steroidal ring structure. |
B02 | Fused ring heterocyclics. |
B03 | Other heterocyclics. |
B04 | Natural products and polymers. Including testing of body fluids (other thanblood typing or cell counting), pharmaceuticals or veterinary compounds ofunknown structure, testing of microorganisms for pathogenicity, testing ofchemicals for mutagenicity or human toxicity and fermentative production of DNAor RNA. General compositions. |
B05 | Other organics - aromatics, aliphatic, organo-metallics, compounds whosesubstituents vary such that they would be classified in several of B01 - B05. |
B06 | Inorganics - including fluorides for toothpastes etc. |
B07 | General - tablets, dispensers, catheters (excluding drainage andangioplasty), encapsulation etc, but not systems for administration of blood orsaline or IV feeding etc. |
Section C: Agricultural Chemicals |
C01 | Organophosphorus; organometallic - ie compounds containing other than H, C,N, O, S and halogen. |
C02 | Heterocyclic. |
C03 | Other organic compounds, inorganic compounds and multi-component mixtures.Polymers and proteins. |
C04 | Fertilisers - including urea and phosphoric acid production. Also soilmodifiers and plant growth media. Chemical aspects of compost production. |
C05 | Biological control - excluding veterinary medicine, but including use ofmicroorganisms, predators and natural products. |
C06 | Biotechnology - including plant genetics and veterinary vaccines. |
C07 | Apparatus, formulation, general - including veterinary syringes, generalformulations where the active compound is not central to the invention (forexample, wettable powders) and analysis. |
Section D: Food, Detergents, Water Treatment andBiotechnology |
D1 | FOOD AND FERMENTATION |
D11 | Baking - including bakery products, flour, doughs, bakery ovens, doughtransporting and/or handling equipment, pies and pasta, but not flour milling(A21). |
D12 | Butchering, meat treatment, processing poultry or fish (A22). |
D13 | Other foodstuffs and treatment - including preservation of food, milk, milkproducts, butter substitutes, edible oils and fats, non-alcoholic beverages,artificial sweeteners, food additives and animal feed (A23B-L). |
D14 | General foodstuffs machinery - excluding machines which can be classified inD11-13 (A23N, P). |
D15 | Treating water, industrial waste and sewage - including purification,sterilising or testing water, scale prevention, treatment of sewage sludge,regeneration of active carbon which has been used for water treatment andimpregnating water with gas eg CO2, but excluding marine anti-pollution devicesand purification of water which will be recycled within an industrial process(C02). |
D16 | Fermentation industry - including fermentation equipment, brewing, yeastproduction, production of pharmaceuticals and other chemicals by fermentation,microbiology, production of vaccines and antibodies, cell and tissue culture andgenetic engineering. |
D17 | Sugar and starch industry (C07H, C13). |
D18 | Skins, hides, pelts, leather and chemical treatment of tobacco, but excludingdrying, wetting, cutting or shaping tobacco (A24, C14). |
D2 | COSMETICS, DISINFECTANTS AND DETERGENTS |
D21 | Preparations for dental or toilet purposes - including filling alloys,compositions for dentures or dental impressions, anti-caries chewing gum, plaquedisclosing compositions, toothpastes, cosmetics, shampoos, topical anti-sunburncompositions and toilet soaps (A61K). |
D22 | Sterilising, bandages, dressing and skin-protection agents - includingsterilising agents (other than for food), sutures, plaster casts, bioactiveprostheses, contact lenses, diapers, animal litter, timber preservatives,disinfectants, bactericidal detergents, deodorants, insect repellent compounds,moth proofers, sheep dip, insect attractants (where for cleaning air), flyspraysand compositions for relieving insect bites and stings (A61L). |
D23 | Oils, fats and waxes - including fatty acids, candles, essential oils, butexcluding butter (substitutes) and montan wax (C11B, C). |
D24 | Soap (limited to metal salts of fatty acids which are used for cleaning),solvent cleaners (C11D). |
D25 | Detergents - other than soap and used for cleaning (C11D). |
Section E: General Chemicals |
E1 | GENERAL ORGANIC |
E11 | Containing P and/or Si. |
E12 | Organometallics - ie containing other than H, C, N, O, S, halogens, Si and P. |
E13 | Heterocyclics. |
E14 | Aromatics - ie containing at least one benzene ring. |
E15 | Alicyclics. |
E16 | Aliphatics - containing N and/or halogen. |
E17 | Other aliphatics. |
E18 | General hydrocarbon mixtures. |
E19 | Other organic compounds general - organic compounds of unknown or indefinitestructure; general mixtures of many types; organic reactions (eg nitration,resolution) when applied generally. |
E2 | DYESTUFFS |
E21 | Azo - including diazonium compounds. |
E22 | Anthracene - including those containing more than 3 rings. |
E23 | Heterocyclic. |
E24 | Other dyes, all precursors. |
E3 | GENERAL INORGANIC |
E31 | Compounds of V, Nb, Ta, Cr, Mo, W, Mn, Tc, Re, Fe, Ru, Os, Co, Rh, Ir, Ni,Pd, Pt, Pa, V and subsequent actinides. |
E32 | Compounds of Ti, Zr, Hf, Cu, Ag, Au, Zn, Cd, Hg, Ga, In, Te, Ge, Sn, Pb, As,Sb, Bi. |
E33 | Compounds of Be, Mg, Ca, Sr, Ba, Ra, Sc, Y, La, Ac, Al, lanthanides(Rare-earths), Th. |
E34 | Compounds of Li, Na, K, Rb, Cs, Fr. |
E35 | Ammonia, cyanogen and their compounds - including HCN and cyanamide, but nothydrazine. |
E36 | Non-metallic elements, semi-metals (Se, Te, B, Si) and their compounds(except for E35). |
E37 | Mixtures of many components; inorganic reactions and processes of generalapplicability. |
Section F: Textiles and Paper-Making |
F01 | Threads and fibres - natural or artificial; spinning - including theproduction of mineral and carbon fibres (D01). |
F02 | Yarns - mechanical finishing of yarns or ropes; warping or beaming (D02,D07). |
F03 | Weaving - including finished products (D03). |
F04 | Braiding, knitting - including trimmings and non-woven fabrics (D04). |
F05 | Sewing, embroidering, tufting - including finished products (D05). |
F06 | Chemical-type treatment of textiles (D06B, L, M, P, Q). |
F07 | Other textile applications - including clothing design, accessories andfasteners (D06C, F, G, H, J, L, M). |
F08 | Flexible sheet materials - consisting of polymer-coated fibrous web,including end products not classified in other sections (D06N). |
F09 | Paper-making production of cellulose, chemical treatment of wood - includingchipboard and fibre-board (D21). |
Section G: Printing, Coating and Photographic |
G01 | Inorganic pigments and non-fibrous fillers (C09C). |
G02 | Inks, paints, polishes, polymer-based paints and inks are also classified inSection A (C09D, F, G). |
G03 | Adhesives - excluding dispensers. Polymeric adhesives are also classified inSection A (C09H, J). |
G04 | Miscellaneous compositions - including luminescent and tenebrescentmaterials, de-icing/ de-misting compositions, mastics, heat transfercompositions and arosol-can filling mixtures (C09H). |
G05 | Printing materials and processes (B41, M, N). |
G06 | Photosensitive compositions and bases; photographic processes - includesphoto-resist coatings (G03C). |
G07 | Photo-mechanical production of printing surfaces (G03F). |
G08 | Electrography, electrophotography and magnetography (G03G). |
Section H: Pretroleum |
H01 | Obtaining crude oil and natural gas - including exploration, drilling, wellcompletion, production and treatment. General off-shore platform and drillingtechnology is included together with the treatment of tar sands and oil shales(C10G, E21B). |
H02 | Unit operations - including distillation, sorption and solvent extraction(C10G). |
H03 | Transportation and storage - only large scale systems are included. Roadtankers and retail petrol station-type applications are excluded. Treatment ofpollution from marine oil tankers is included. |
H04 | Petroleum processing - including treating, cracking, reforming, gasolinepreparation - biosynthesis based on hydrocarbon feedstocks is included (C10G). |
H05 | Refinery engineering. |
H06 | Gaseous and liquid fuels - including pollution control. Chemical aspects ofcatalytic exhaust systems for cars are included as well as liquid or gaseousfuels of non-petroleum origin eg methanol or ethanol-based fuels. Combustionimprovement additives for liquid fuels are included (C10L). |
H07 | Lubricants and lubrication - this excludes self-lubricating surfaces eg PTFEcoated surfaces and lubrication systems in general. The section includeslubricants of non-petroleum origin eg silicone oils (C10M). |
H08 | Petroleum products, other than fuels and lubricants - this includes hydraulicfluids and electrical oils even when of non-petroleum origin (C10M). |
H09 | Fuel products not of petroleum origin - excluding coal handling, preparationor mining, but including co*king, briquetting, peat processing synthesis, gasproduction, coal gasification. Combustion improvement additives for coal, peatand other non-hydrocarbon based fuels are included in this Section together withcoal liquefaction and desulphurisation. |
Section J: Chemical Engineering |
J01 | Separation - including evaporation, crystallisation, solvent extraction,chromatography, dialysis, osmosis including drying gases and/or vapours, andseparation of solids from gases, liquids and other solids. Isotope separation,filter materials (including molecular sieves for separation), and centrifuges(except where used for analysis) (B01D, B03, B04, B07B). |
J02 | Mixing, crushing, spraying - including dispersing, pulverising,disintegrating, atomising and applying liquids other than paints to surfaces(B01F, B05B, C). |
J03 | Electrochemical processes and electrophoresis - including ozone production,brine electrolysis, water electrolysis, apparatus for the production of purechemical compounds and non-metallic elements, but excluding batteries or othermeans of producing power and the treatment of metals (C25B). |
J04 | Chemical/physical processes/ apparatus - including catalysis, catalysts(including molecular sieves where approximate, but excluding specific egenzymatic or polymerisation catalysts), colloid chemistry, laboratory apparatusand methods, testing, controlling, general encapsulation, detection and sampling(B01J, L). |
J05 | Boiling and boiling apparatus - including generation of steam unless forpower plant (B01B). |
J06 | Storing or distributing gases or liquids - including gas holders, vessels forgases, decantation and vaporisation of gases, pipelines and pipe systems, butexcluding those for hydrocarbon gases or liquids and laying of pipelines (F17). |
J07 | Refrigeration; ice; gas liquefaction/solidification - including machines,freezing of (semi)liquids, gas separation/ liquefaction by cooling or pressure,fractionation of air (F25). |
J08 | Heat transfer and drying - including steam and vapour condensers,direct/indirect heat exchangers, heat transfer apparatus, drying processes, butonly where of general application (F26, F28). |
J09 | Furnaces, kilns, ovens, retorts including furnace constructional details andaccessories, but only where of general application (F27). |
Section K: Nucleonics, Explosives and Protection |
K01 | Fire fighting, fire-extinguishing compositions - excluding fire engines,sprinkler systems, hose reels and protective clothing (A62D with K2). |
K02 | Protection against chemical warfare breathing apparatus - chemical aspectsonly (A62D with K1). |
K03 | Explosive charges; ammunition, fuses, blasting including only completedevices, except missile systems (F42). |
K04 | Explosives, matches - including detonators, chemical lighters, pyrophoriccompositions, fire works, distress signals, chemical lasers, smoke generation,gas attack compositions, generation of gas for blasting or propulsion, but onlytheir chemical aspects (C06). |
K05 | Nuclear reactors and simulators - including reactor processes, components andaccessories, but excluding power plant (G21B, C). |
K06 | Nuclear power plant - including reprocessing used nuclear fuel (G21D). |
K07 | Health physics - including radiation protection (other than againstsunlight), monitoring devices, decontamination, radioactive waste disposal andprotective clothing (G21F). |
K08 | Nucleonics; X-ray techniques - including conversion of chemical elements,nuclear explosives and plasma techniques other than electron beam or plasmawelding methods and apparatus and X- ray films (G01T, G21G, H, J, K, H05G, H). |
Section L: Refractories, Ceramics, Cement and Electro(in)organics |
L01 | Glass - includes chemical compositions, batch treatment, furnaces, flat glassforming, hollow-ware forming, post-forming and glass/ceramics, but not lensdesigns, bottling, bottle-washing, closures for containers, glazing designs,glass cutting, chamfering edges, printing on glass, disposing of used glass orthe production of pure sodium silicate. Chemical aspects of optical fibres(C03). |
L02 | Refractories, ceramics, cement - includes manufacturing methods, limes, soilpreparation for (road) building, magnesias and slags, cements, mortars,concretes, abrasives, thermal or acoustic insulation (non)oxide ceramics andceramic composites, but not brick making, concrete mixers or casting or potters'wheels (C04). |
L03 | Electro-(in)organic, chemical features of conductors, resistors, magnets,capacitors and switches, electric discharge lamps, semiconductor and othermaterials, batteries, accumulators and thermo-electric devices, including fuelcells, magnetic recording media, radiation emission devices, liquid crystals andbasic electric elements. Growing of single crystals of semiconductors and theirdoping are included, but semiconductor devices, where the manufacture is notclaimed are excluded. Electrography, electrophotography, magnetography,electrolysis, electrophoresis, power plant, X-ray and plasma-techniques,ion-exchange resins, polyelectrolytes, electroplating, metal electrodeposition,electroforming, anodising, electrolytic cleaning, cathodic protection andelectrolytic or electrothermic production or refining of metals are all coveredelsewhere (Sections G, J, K and M). |
Section M: Metallurgy |
M1 | METAL FINISHING |
M11 | Electroplating; electrolytic treatment of or with metals - includingelectro-deposition of metals, electro-plating apparatus, electro-forming,electro-erosion, spark erosion, anodising (electrophoretically) coating metalsand electrolytic cleaning and polishing (C25). |
M12 | Chemical cleaning and degreasing - including cleaning and pickling. |
M13 | Coating material with metals, diffusion processes, enamelling and vitreouscoatings - including coating from liquid metal or solution, spraying,cementation, cathodic sputtering, enamelling and oil-free lubricant coatings,but not coatings for the production of semiconductors (C23C, D). |
M14 | Other chemical surface treatments - including etching, brightening, formingnon-metallic layers, passivation, cathodic protection and corrosion inhibitors,but not processes specifically for semiconductor production (C23F, C25). ThisSection also covers multistage processes. |
M2 | METALS |
M21 | Mechanical working of metal without metal removal - including rolling sheet,wire, tube and profile production, extended surface tube, high energy rateforming, deep drawing, working sheet metal, rolled products, forging, hammering,pressing, where of sufficiently large scale to be of importance to themetallurgical industry (B21). |
M22 | Casting; powder metallurgy - including foundry moulding, moulding machines,patterns, moulds, cores and metal casting (B22). |
M23 | Soldering; welding - including brazing, flame cutting and scarfing, cuttingand welding rods, soldering and unsoldering apparatus and solder compositions(B23K). |
M24 | Metallurgy of iron and steel - including manufacture and processing,treatment of steel melts and changing the physical properties of iron and steel,control/testing methods, blast furnaces and converters. Metallurgical co*kingprocesses (C21, C10B). |
M25 | Production and refining of metals other than iron - including ore treatment,extraction, working up scrap, obtaining specific metals, control testing methods(C22B). |
M26 | Non-ferrous alloys - including alloy production and composition (C22C). |
M27 | Ferrous alloys - including alloy production and composition (C22C). |
M28 | Electrolytic and electrothermic production and refining of non-ferrous metals- excluding heat treatment (C25). |
M29 | Changing the physical structure of non-ferrous metals and alloys - includingtempering, annealing, work-hardening and recrystallising (C22F). |
Engineering Sections (P - Q)Click a section for a listing of its class codes.
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Section P: General |
P1 | AGRICULTURE, FOOD, TOBACCO |
P11 | Soil working, planting (A01B, C). |
P12 | Harvesting (A01D, F). |
P13 | Plant culture, dairy products (A01G, H, J). |
P14 | Animal care (A01K, L, M). |
P15 | Tobacco (A24). |
P2 | PERSONAL, DOMESTIC |
P21 | Wearing apparel (A41, 2). |
P22 | Footwear (A43). |
P23 | Haberdashery, jewellery (A44). |
P24 | Hand, travelling articles, brushes (A45, 6). |
P25 | Office furniture (A47B). |
P26 | Chairs, sofas, beds (A47C, D). |
P27 | Shop, household, furnishings (A47F, G, H). |
P28 | Kitchen, sanitary equipment (A47J, K, L). |
P3 | HEALTH, AMUsem*nT |
P31 | Diagnosis, surgery (A61B). |
P32 | Dentistry, bandages, veterinary, prosthesis (A61C, D, F). |
P33 | Medical aids, oral administration (A61G, H, J). |
P34 | Sterilising, syringes, electrotherapy (A61L, M, N). |
P35 | Life-saving, fire-fighting (A62). |
P36 | Sports, games, toys (A63). |
P4 | SEPARATING, MIXING |
P41 | Crushing: centrifuging, separating solids (B02, 3, 4). |
P42 | Spraying, atomising (B05). |
P43 | Sorting, cleaning, waste disposal (B06, 7, 8, 9). |
P5 | SHAPING METAL |
P51 | Rolling, drawing, extruding (B21B, C). |
P52 | Metal punching, working, forging (B21D-L). |
P53 | Metal casting, powder metallurgy (B22). |
P54 | Metal milling, machining, electroworking (23B-H). |
P55 | Soldering, welding metal (B23K). |
P56 | Machine tools (B23P,Q). |
P6 | SHAPING NON-METAL |
P61 | Grinding, polishing (B24). |
P62 | Hand tools, cutting (B25, 6). |
P63 | Working, preserving wood (B27). |
P64 | Working cement, clay, stone (B28). |
P7 | PRESSING, PRINTING |
P71 | Presses (B30). |
P72 | Working paper (B31). |
P73 | Layered products (B32). |
P74 | Printing: lining machines (B41B - G). |
P75 | Typewriters, stamps, duplicators (B41J-N). |
P76 | Books, special printed matter (B42). |
P77 | Writing, drawing appliances (B43). |
P78 | Decorative art (B44). |
P8 | OPTICS, PHOTOGRAPHY, GENERAL |
P81 | Optics (G02). |
P82 | Photographic apparatus (G03B). |
P83 | Photographic processes, compositions (G03C). |
P84 | Other photographic (G03D-H). |
P85 | Education, cryptography, adverts. (G09). |
P86 | Musical instruments, acoustics (G10). |
Section Q: Mechanical |
Q1 | VEHICLES IN GENERAL |
Q11 | Wheels, tyres, connections (B60B-F). |
Q12 | Suspension, heating, doors, screens (B60G-J). |
Q13 | Transmissions, controls (B60K). |
Q14 | Electric propulsion, seating (B60L-N). |
Q15 | Transporting special loads (B60P). |
Q16 | Vehicle lighting, signalling (B60Q). |
Q17 | Vehicle parts, fittings, servicing (B60R,S). |
Q18 | Brake-control systems (B60T). |
Q19 | Air-cushion vehicles (B60V). |
Q2 | SPECIAL VEHICLES |
Q21 | Railways (B61). |
Q22 | Hand, motor vehicles (B62B-D). |
Q23 | Cycles B62H-M). |
Q24 | Ships (B63). |
Q25 | Aircraft, aviation, cosmonautics (B64). |
Q3 | CONVEYING, PACKAGING, STORING |
Q31 | Packaging, labelling (B65B, C). |
Q32 | Containers (B65D01-37). |
Q33 | Closures (B65D39-55). |
Q34 | Packaging elements, types (B65D57-91). |
Q35 | Refuse collection, conveyors (B65F, G). |
Q36 | Handling thin materials (B65H). |
Q37 | Container traffic (pre-1984 only) (B65H). |
Q38 | Hoisting, lifting, hauling (B66). |
Q39 | Liquid, handling, saddlery, upholstery (B67, 8). |
Q4 | BUILDINGS, CONSTRUCTION |
Q41 | Road, rail, bridge construction (E01). |
Q42 | Hydraulic engineering, sewerage (E02, 3). |
Q43 | General building constructions (E04B). |
Q44 | Structural elements (E04C). |
Q45 | Roofing, stairs, floors (E04D, F). |
Q46 | Building aids, special structures (E04G, H). |
Q47 | Locks, window and door fittings (E05). |
Q48 | Blinds, shutters, ladders, doors (E06). |
Q49 | Mining (E21). |
Q5 | ENGINES, PUMPS |
Q51 | Machines, engines in general (F01). |
Q52 | Combustion engines, gas turbines (F02B-G). |
Q53 | Jet engines, fuel supply (F02K, M). |
Q54 | Starting, ignition (F02N, P). |
Q55 | Machines, engines for liquids (F03). |
Q56 | Pumps (F04). |
Q57 | Fluid-pressure actuators (F15). |
Q6 | ENGINEERING ELEMENTS |
Q61 | Securing machine parts together (F16B). |
Q62 | Shafts, bearings (F16C). |
Q63 | Couplings, clutches, brakes, springs (F16D, F). |
Q64 | Belts, chains, gearing (F16G, H). |
Q65 | Pistons, cylinders, packing (F16J). |
Q66 | Valves, taps co*cks (F16K). |
Q67 | Pipes, joints, fittings (F16L). |
Q68 | Other engineering elements (F16M-T). |
Q69 | Storing/distributing gas/liquid (F17). |
Q7 | LIGHTING, HEATING |
Q71 | Lighting (F21). |
Q72 | Steam generation (F22). |
Q73 | Combustion equipment/processes (F23). |
Q74 | Heating, ranges, ventilating (F24). |
Q75 | Refrigeration, liquefaction (F25). |
Q76 | Drying (F26). |
Q77 | Furnaces, kilns, ovens, retorts (F27). |
Q78 | Heat exchange in general (F28). |
Q79 | Weapons, ammunition, blasting (F41-2). |
Electrical & Electronic Sections (S - X)Click a section for a listing of its class codes.
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Section S: Instrumentation, Measuring and Testing |
S01 | Electrical Instruments (G01R, G12B) Measuring magnetic and electricalvariables. Instrument panels, housings, indicating elements, screening,suspensions, damping. Cooling arrangements. |
S02 | Engineering Instrumentation (G01B-H, L, M, P) Measuring dimensions, weight,flow rate, mechanical vibrations, force, acceleration, etc. Recording equipment.General testing methods. |
S03 | Scientific Instrumentation (G01J, K, N, T-W) Photometry, calorimetry.Thermometers. Meteorology, geophysics, measurement of nuclear or X-radiation.Investigating chemical or physical properties. |
S04 | Clocks and Timers (G04B-G) Electronic and mechanical clocks and watches. Timeswitches. Time-interval measuring. |
S05 | Electrical Medical Equipment (A61, A61N) Electrotherapy. Electrosurgicalapparatus. Blood cell counters. Electrical diagnostic apparatus. Tomography.Veterinary apparatus. |
S06 | Electrophotography and Photography (G03, G03G) Cameras, film projectors andprocessing (electrical aspects only). Electrography, xerography. Rotary pressprinters (electrical aspects only). |
Section T: Computing and Control |
T01 | Digital Computers (G06C-F) Electronic data processors, interfaces andprogramme control. Mechanical digital computers. |
T02 | Analogue and Hybrid Computers (G06G, J) Function evaluators, equationsolvers, simulators. |
T03 | Data Recording (G11B) Analogue and digital recording on tape, disc etc, usingfor example, magnetic, optical, magneto-optical, capacitive methods. |
T04 | Computer Peripheral Equipment (G06K) Card and tape punches and readers.Magnetic, optical and smart cards. Serial and line printers. VDUs, character andgraphics generators. Pattern recognition, magnetic ink recognition, bar coders.COM equipment. |
T05 | Counting, Checking, Vending, ATM and POS Systems (G06M, G07B-G) Countingsystems. Ticket issuing, registering and franking apparatus. Attendanceregistering apparatus. Coin and paper currency handling. Point-of-saleequipment. Electronic funds transfer. |
T06 | Process and Machine Control (G05B, D) General control systems. Control ofnon-electrical variables eg. temporal flow. Control system applications eg.machine tools, lifts. |
T07 | Traffic Control Systems (G08G) Traffic light systems, flow control.Electronic indicators. |
Section U: Semiconductors and Electronic Circuitry |
U11 | Semiconductor Materials and Processes (C30B, H01L) Materials, substrate andlayer processing, packages and mountings, assembly, testing, and handlingaspects of all semiconductor devices, included in U12, U13, U14. Aspects ofmanufacture specific to devices such as LEDs, lasers, solar cells and especiallythick film and hybrid circuits are covered in U12 and U14. |
U12 | Discrete Devices (H01L) Individual semiconductor devices, as either discretecomponents or specific parts of integrated circuit. Examples are LEDs, includingLED arrays, semiconductor lasers, photovoltaic cells and arrays, discretephotodetectors, semiconductor transducers, diodes, capacitors, bipolartransistors, thyristors, unipolar transistors eg. FET, HEMT, and quantuminterference devices. Also, defines specific application of inventions in U11. |
U13 | Integrated Circuits (H01L) Integrated circuit structures eg, CMOS, BICMOS,optoelectronic IC, wafer scale integration. Analogue circuits. Digital circuits,especially with matrix arrays eg. memory, programmable logic and gate arrays.Solid state image sensors eg. CCD. Not used for routinely integrated circuitryeg. logic gates, or for IC application which do not claim actual IC novelty. |
U14 | Memories, Film and Hybrid Circuits (G11C, H01L) Digital memories includingmagnetic, optical, semiconductor, ferroelectric analog memories. Testing ofmemories. Thermoelectric devices. Superconductive materials and devices. Thinfilm arrays and layers. Thick film and hybrid circuits including multilayerceramic wiring boards. Electroluminescent light sources. Passive displays,especially liquid crystal display. |
U21 | Logic Circuits, Electronic Switching and Coding (H03K, M) Basic logiccircuits, eg AND-gates. A/D and D/A conversion. Delta modulation, coding, codeconversion, error detection and correction. Pulse counters, frequencyconversion. Electronic switching circuits. |
U22 | Pulse Generation and Manipulation (H03K, L) Rectangular wave oscillators,pulse generators, (astable, bistable, etc). Pulse shapers. Digital waveformsynthesizers. PAM, PPM, PFM, PDM (modulation and demodulation aspects). Digitalfilters. DSP. |
U23 | Oscillation and Modulation (H03B-D, H03L) Oscillators, mixers. Amplitude andangle (de)modulation. Frequency and phase comparators. PLLs. |
U24 | Amplifiers and Low Power Supplies (H03F, H03G, G05F, H02M) DC, LF and HFamplifiers, parametric, magnetic, dielectric amplifiers. Gain control. Volumecompression or expansion. Limiters. Voltage and current stabilisation, powersupplies, converters, inverters, rectifiers. Low power protection. |
U25 | Impedance Networks and Tuning (H03H, H03J) Tone or bandwidth control.Impedance converters. Analogue filters (active and passive). Voltage dividers,attenuators, impedance matching, baluns. Tuning circuits. AFC. |
Section V: Electronic Components |
V01 | Resistors and Capacitors (H01C, G) Low power fixed and variable devices.Thermistors. VDRs. Electrolytic and non-electrolytic capacitors. |
V02 | Inductors and Transformers (H01F) Low power inductive components.Communication type inductive components. (Electro)magnets. |
V03 | Switches, Relays (H01H) Low power switches and relays. Thermally ormagnetically operated switches. |
V04 | Printed Circuits and Connectors (H01R, H05K) PCBs and their manufacture. Lowpower connectors. Electronic apparatus, housings and constructional details.RFI/EMI screening. General circuit manufacture. |
V05 | Valves, Discharge Tubes and CRTs (H01J, H05G) Vacuum tubes, klystrons, TWTs,magnetrons, CRTs, camera tubes, X-ray tubes and operating circuits.Photoelectric discharge tubes. Gas filled tubes. Gas discharge displays. |
V06 | Electromechanical Transducers and Small Machines (H04R, H03H, H02K)Audio-communication - and measurement type transducers. Electromechanicalresonators. Small electric machines and their controllers. |
V07 | Fibre-optics and Light Control (G02B, F) Light guides. Connectors, couplers,mode selectors, polarisers. Switching, gating, modulating etc. |
V08 | Lasers and Masers (H01S) Laser and maser devices. Pumping and mode lockingcircuitry. |
Section W: Communications |
W01 | Telephone and Data Transmission Systems (H04L, M, Q) Error detection andcorrection. Code conversion. Synchronising. Secret data communication. Datanetworks (LAN, WAN, etc). ISDN. Baseband and broadband data transmission.Exchanges, call metering, test equipment, equipment racks. Subscriber equipment,cordless and cellular phones. Telephone line and cable installation. |
W02 | Broadcasting, Radio and Line Transmission Systems (H01P, Q, H04, H04K)Aerials, waveguides, resonators and other distributed constant components.Transmitters, transceivers, transponders. Communication receivers. Linetransmission systems. Radio systems, including diversity, relay, mobile(including cellular). Optical and ultrasonic wave transmission systems. SpreadSpectrum communication. Secret communication, jamming. Facsimile. TV systems,including colour, stereoscopic, cable, subscription, satellite and highdefinition. Stereophonic broadcast systems. |
W03 | TV and Broadcast Radio Receivers (H04) AM/FM/SW radio receivers, car radios.TV receivers. Teletext, high definition, satellite, stereophonic. Remotecontrol. Audio amplifiers. AV systems and interconnection. |
W04 | Audio/Video Recording and Systems (G10H, G11B, H04N) Loudspeaker enclosures,cross-over networks. Audio disc recording and reproducing equipment. Audiomagnetic tape recording and reproduction. Sound mixers. Electrical musicalinstruments. Video cameras, camera recorders, electronic still-picture cameras.Studio equipment eg video mixers, special effect apparatus. Projection TV. Videotape and disc recording and reproduction. Video games, karaoke. Electroniceducational apparatus. Sports equipment. Speech coding, analysis and synthesis.Antiphase sound cancelling. |
W05 | Alarms, Signalling, Telemetry and Telecontrol (G08B, C) Burglar and firealarms. Personal calling arrangements. Paging systems. Signal transmissionsystems. Home bus systems, vehicle remote control bus systems. Advertisingarrangements (electrical aspects). |
W06 | Aviation, Marine and Radar Systems (G01S) Radar, sonar and lidar. Velocityand depth measuring equipment. Airport control systems. Ship and aircraftcontrol and instrumentation. Flight simulators. Space vehicles, includingsatellites. |
W07 | Electrical Military Equipment and Weapons (F41) Target indicating systems.Sighting devices. Missile direction control. Military training equipment. Armingand safety devices. |
Section X: Electric Power Engineering |
X11 | Power Generation and High Power Machines (H02K, N) Conventional powergenerating prime movers. Dynamo-electric machines. MHD generators. |
X12 | Power Distribution/Components/Converters (H01B, H01T, H02G, H02J, H02M) Highpower AC, DC and HVDC distribution/control. Power and communication cables.Superconducting cables, coils and magnets. Installing power cables and lines.Power transformers, reactors. Spark gaps and circuits. Insulators. High powerconnectors. Power converters. Conductive, superconductive and insulatingmaterials. |
X13 | Switchgear, Protection, Electric Drives (H02B, H02H, H02P) Electric machinesand static power converters. Controllers. Switchboards, switchyards, switchgear.Power system protection. Circuit protectors, circuit breakers, fuses. |
X14 | Nuclear Power Generation (G21, H05H) Nuclear reactor processes, componentsand power plants. Control mechanisms. Plasma techniques. Particle accelerators. |
X15 | Non-Fossil Fuel Power Generating Systems (F03D, F24J) Geothermal, wind, waveand solar energy, types of power generation. |
X16 | Electrochemical Storage (H01M) Primary, secondary and fuel cells andbatteries. Battery chargers. Non-electrochemical storage of electric energy. |
X21 | Electric Vehicles (B60L) Electric cars, trolley buses. Propulsion, braking.Power supply lines, current collectors. Traction batteries. Control equipment. |
X22 | Automotive Electrics (F02P) Vehicle accessories. Vehicle lighting. IC engineignition. IC engine controllers. Batteries and charging. Starting motors, andgenerators. Engine and vehicle instrumentation. Non-engine related controllerseg. transmissions, brakes. |
X23 | Electric Railways and Signalling (B61) Propulsion, power and distribution,signalling, control. |
X24 | Electric Welding (B23K) Electric soldering. Arc, induction, electron beam,resistance, laser beam and HF welding. Electroerosion. |
X25 | Industrial Electric Equipment (H05B, F27) Electric furnaces and kilns.Resistance, induction, electric discharge and EM field heating. Electrostaticspraying and cleaning. Vibrating apparatus. Electrolytic processes.Electro-refining metals. Electrically powered tools. Industrial dryingequipment. Ore separating magnets. Magnetic work holders. Lifting magnets.Sewing machines. Industrial components eg. pumps, fans. |
X26 | Lighting (F21, H01J, H01K) Discharge, incandescent and electric arc lamps.Operating and control equipment. Light fittings Portable lighting devices. Stagelighting equipment. |
X27 | Domestic Electric Appliances (A47, F24) Washing machines, dryers, irons.Vacuum cleaners. Electric cookers, microwave ovens. Kitchen equipment.Refrigerators. Water heaters. Space heating and air conditioning equipment.Personal and hygiene electrical appliances. |